2016 Update for HadISDH.3.0.0.2016p

TEMPLATE BELOW FROM 2015

***WORK IN PROGRESS***

 

1) What's New? 

The annual update of HadISDH takes place every January. This year we have introduced an updated version of the PHA code (v52j) so incremented the 'y' element of the version number from 0 to 1. The new scrape of data has included some historical changes in addition to the extra year of data (a standard state of affairs while the ISD database is still being developed). No new stations have been added but some data will have been added/removed/changed within the existing stations. This would normally mean incrementing the 'z' element of the version number but this is unnecessary given the increment in 'y'.  

The main improvement over v52i are the Rothenberg fixes to the SNHT (Standard Normal Homogenisation Test). This helps to prevent over-sensitivity when there are very few observations. Previously in such low data density scenarios, PHA was susceptible to changes in its allocation of adjustments due to small incremental additions of datapoints. Its application to GHCNM is documented: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v3/techreports/Technical%20Report%20GHCNM%20No15-01.pdf

2) What's the Same?

The starting station list from ISD is the same - 6103 stations that were initially thought to contain sufficiently long time series. Some of these are merges of 2 or more stations where they have been established to be part of the same station as part of HadISD processing.

The underlying QC is the same in terms of methodology. Due to the historical and annual updated this is now HadISD.1.0.4.2015p.

The HadISDH methodology is the same except for the small change to the PHA code:

• equations for converting T and Td to DPD, Tw, e, q and RH are the same;
• methods for calculating monthly means and climate anomalies are the same;
• essentially the PHA methodology is the same (see above);
• IDPHA methodology is the same;
• gridding methodology is the same;
• uncertainty estimation framework is the same

3) Processing Steps

3.1) Number of HadISD stations: 

6103

3.2) Number of stations passing through climatology check: 

3678 (2425 failing) based on RH which requires both T and Td to be present. This is one station fewer than in 2013 and 2014. 

Some stations no longer in 2.1.0.2015p relative to 2.0.1.2014p: 

12285099999, 53.0830N, 21.5670E, 97.0m, Poland, OSTROLEKA

67781099999, -17.4170S, 32.2170E, 1244.0m, Zimbabwe, MUTOKO

67861099999, -18.2170S, 28.9330E, 1282.0m, Zimbabwe, GOKWE

Some stations now in 2.1.0.2015p but not in 2.0.1.2014p:  
22831099999, 61.8000N, 36.5170E, 44.0m, Russia, PUDOZ

64860099999, 9.3330N, 13.3830E, 244.0m, Cameroon, GAROUA

3.3) Stations removed by PHA:

T = 3 (3675 remaining)
85469099999, -27.17S, -109.43W, 69m, CH, ISLA DE PASCUA              
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS             
91925099999, -9.80S, -139.03W, 53m, PF, ATUONA (2014=kept, 2013=removed)   

DPD =  7 (3671 remaining)
61967070701, -7.30S, 72.40E, 2m, BT, DIEGO GARCIA NAF            
68994099999, -46.88S, 37.87E, 21m, ZA, MARION ISLAND (not 2014)               
2014 run 84782099999, -18.05S, -70.27W, 458m, PR, TACNA                        
85488099999, -29.92S, -71.20W, 146m, CH, LA SERENA                    
89002099999, -70.67S, -8.25W, 50m, AY, NEUMAYER                    
89022099999, -75.50S, -26.65W, 30m, AY, HALLEY                        
89564099999, -67.60S, 62.87E, 16m, AY, MAWSON                       
2013 run 88968099999, -60.73S, -44.73W, 8m, AY, BASE ORCADAS                  
91610099999, 1.35N, 172.92E, 4m, KB, TARAWA                         
2014 run 91643080705, -8.53S, 179.22E, 2m, TV, FUNAFUTI NF                 
2014 run 91943099999, -14.48S, -145.03W, 3m, PF, TAKAROA

PHA statistics given for all variables even though the PHA direct homogenised data are not used:
q = 5 (3673 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)             
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND                
89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS                         
89611099999, -66.28S, 110.52E, 41m, AY, CASEY (not 2014)                          
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS 

RH = 8 (3670 remaining)
68994099999, -46.88S, 37.87E, 21m, ZA, MARION ISLAND                 
2013 run 84782099999, -18.05S, -70.27W, 458m, PR, TACNA                        85470099999, -27.30S, -70.42W, 290m, CH, COPIAPO                     
85930099999, -52.40S, -75.10W, 52m, CH, FARO EVANGELISTAS           
89002099999, -70.67S, -8.25W, 50m, AY, NEUMAYER (not 2013)
89022099999, -75.50S, -26.65W, 30m, AY, HALLEY                        
89564099999, -67.60S, 62.87E, 16m, AY, MAWSON                      
91610099999, 1.35N, 172.92E, 4m, KB, TARAWA                      
93945099999, -52.55S, 169.17E, 19m, NZ, CAMPBELL ISLAND AWS (not 2013)       

Tw = 4 (3674 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)             
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND                
85469099999 -27.17S, -109.43W, 69m, CH, ISLA DE PASCUA (not 2013)
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS     

Td =4 (3674 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)             
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND                
2013 run 89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS                        
85469099999 -27.17S, -109.43W, 69m, CH, ISLA DE PASCUA (not 2013)
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS         

e = 5 (3673 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)             
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND                
89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS       
89611099999, -66.28S, 110.52E, 41m, AY, CASEY                 
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS        

All variables are now based on station lists with the 10 station removals from T and DPD combined (including T) also applied prior to running IDPHA.

3.4) Stations Removed by Indirect PHA in addition to those from T and DPD PHA:

Td = 2 (3666 remaining)  (from Td PHA neighbour fails and T IDPHA neighbour fails)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)             
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND                 

T= 2 (3666 remaining) 
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)  (6 neighbours)           
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND (5 neighbours)                

RH = 11 (3657 remaining)
new 64400099999, -4.8170S, 11.9000E, 17.0m, CG, POINTE-NOIRE (6 neighbours)
68104099999, -22.883S, 14.433N, 0.0m, NM WALVIS BAY (PELICAN (5 neighbours) 78767099999, 10.00N, -83.05W, 3.0m, CS PUERTO LIMON (5 neighbours)
84117099999, -0.95S, -80.683W, 14.0m, EQ MANTA (5 neighbours)
new 84782099999, -18.0500S, -70.2670W, 458.0m, PR, TACNA (6 neighbours) 85470099999, -27.30S, -70.417W, 290.0m, CH COPIAPO (0 neighbours)
85930099999, -52.40S, -75.10W, 52.0m, CH FARO EVANGELISTAS (0 neighbours)
88963099999, -63.40S, -56.983W, 24.0m, AY BASE ESPERANZA (6 neighbours)
new 89571099999, -68.5830S, 77.9500E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS (6 neighbours)
new 91943099999, -14.4830S, -145.0330W, 3.0m, PF, TAKAROA (5 neighbours)
93945099999, -52.55S, 169.167E, 19.0m, NZ, CAMPBELL ISLAND AWS (0 neighbours)
 
q = 5 (3663 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.133W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES) (0 neighbours)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.883W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND (0 neighbours)
89571099999, -68.583S, 77.95E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS (0 neighbours)
89611099999, -66.283S, 110.517E, 41.0m, AY, CASEY (0 neighbours)
91165022536, 21.979N, -159.341W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT (6 neighbours 

e =  5 (3663 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.133W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES) (0 neighbours)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.883W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND (0 neighbours)
89571099999, -68.583S, 77.95E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS (0 neighbours)
89611099999, -66.283S, 110.517E, 41.0m, AY, CASEY (0 neighbours)
91165022536, 21.979N, -159.341W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT (6 neighbours)

Tw = 5 (3663 remaining)
08501099999, 39.4500N, -31.1330W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES) (0 neighbours)
08505099999, 38.5170N, -28.7170W, 41.0m, PO, HORTA/CASTELO BRANC (6 neighbours)
68906099999, -40.3500S, -9.8830W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND (0 neighbours)
91165022536, 21.9790N, -159.3410W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT (6 neighbours)
91176022519, 21.4510N, -157.7680W, 5.5m, US, KANEOHE BAY MCAS (6 neighbours)

3.5) Stations Removed Because the Adjustments are TOO Large:

As in 2013 and 2014 there are some adjustments that are extremely large. On further investigation as part of HadISD many of these are found to be station merges (legacy HadISD code). Such large shifts indicate something pretty screwy has happened to the station. However, its not always clear that the merge is to blame. Given the large inhomogeneity it is justifiable to remove such stations from any further processing as part of the gridded HadISDH. Station moves and most other inhomogeneities will most likely effect temperature and humidity. Therefore a shift would appear in the temperature record but probably not in the dewpoint depression record (because a simultaneous change in T and Td leaves no change in DPD). For this reason any stations with an adjustment applied in T (PHA direct only) that is greater than 5 degC is removed from further processing. There are 8 stations with T adjustments larger than 5 deg C, compared with only 5 stations in 2014.

T1) 71496399999  17.62 MERGED STATION (potential reason) 
(2014 = 14.78 deg C, 2013 = 13.99 deg C) 
(65.767N, -111.25W, 494.0m, CN, LUPIN ARPT (SAWR))

T2) 71182099999   14.66 MERGED STATION (potential reason) 
(2014 = 7.09 deg C) 
(53.55N, -64.099W, 440.0m, CN, CHURCHILL FALLS)

T3) 72959599999   8.69 MERGED STATION (bad anyway) 
(2014 = 8.79 deg C, 2013 = 9.62 deg C)
(69.433N, -133.033W, 1.0m, CN, TUKTOYAKTUK)
 
T4) new 71182099999 (again) -8.41 MERGED STATION (potential reason)
(53.55N, -64.099W, 440.0m, CN, CHURCHILL FALLS)

T5) new 72967099999 8.32
(61.3670N, -139.0500W, 786.0m, CN, BURWASH (AUTO8) )              

T6) new 71905099999 7.32
(55.2830N, -77.7500W, 10.0m, CN, KUUJJUARAPIK ARPT)

T7) 02672099999  -6.28 MERGED STATION (potential reason) 
(2014 = -6.28 deg C, 2013 = -5.54 deg C)  
(56.733N, 16.30E, 16.0m, SN, KALMAR)

T8) 71826099999  -5.42 
(2014 = -5.65 deg C, 2013 = -5.45 deg C)
(66.15N, -65.717W, 23.0m, CN, PANGNIRTUNG)

T9) 71844099999   5.22 MERGED STATION (potential reason) 
(2014 = 6.21 deg C)
(53.817N, -89.883W, 224.0m, CN, BIG TROUT LAKE RDC)

This results in the following FINAL station counts before testing for data completeness (bads), supersaturation or subzero values (e and q only) :
e     3655 (2014=3657, 2013=3655) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_IDPHAe_JAN2015.txt
q     3655 (2014=3657, 2013=3655) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_IDPHAq_JAN2015.txt
RH 3649 (2014=3656, 2013=3652) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_IDPHArh_JAN2015.txt
T    3658 (2014=3662, 2013=3659) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_IDPHAt_JAN2015.txt
Tw 3655 (2014=3659, 2013=3656) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_IDPHAtw_JAN2015.txt
Td  3658 (2014=3661, 2013=3659) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_PHADPDtd_JAN2015.txt
DPD 3663 (2014=3666, 2013=3664) goodforHadISDH.2.0.1.2014p_PHAdpd_JAN2015.txt  

Note that the largest adjustments in each variable appear to be larger in the 2.1.0.2015p version than the 2.0.1.2014p version for most variables (T, Td, Tw, e and q). The largest 8 adjustments for each variable are shown below:

q:
q1) 83775399999   4.84
q2) 71496399999   4.11 (T1, e2, Td1, Tw2)
q3) 61498099999   3.57 (e3)
q4) 76577099999   3.54 (RH4, Td5, DPD5)
q5) 41268099999  -3.44 (e4)
q6) 71182099999   3.15 (T2, e5))
q7) 76577099999  -3.11
q8) 41240099999  -3.05 (e6)
 
RH:
RH1) 36982099999 -27.29
RH2) 04231099999  26.03
RH3) 44277099999 -22.93 (Td8, DPD3)
RH4) 76577099999  20.50 (q4, Td5, DPD5)
RH5) 44298099999 -18.72
RH6) 01406099999 -18.46
RH7) 44287099999 -17.83 (Td7, DPD2)
RH8) 60714099999 -17.68
 
e:
e1) 83775399999   6.86
e2) 71496399999   6.24 (T1, q2, Td1, Tw2)
e3) 61498099999   5.68 (q3)
e4) 41268099999  -5.46 (q5)
e5) 71182099999   4.88 (T2, q6)
e6) 41240099999  -4.84 (q8)
e7) 40340099999  -4.79
e8) 78367011706   4.77

Td:
Td1) 71496399999  17.62 (T1, q2, e2, Tw2)
Td2) 71182099999  14.05 (T2, q6, e5)
Td3) 72967099999   8.32 (T5, Tw3)
Td4) 71905099999   7.32 (T6, Tw6))
Td5) 76577099999   7.02 (q4, RH4, DPD5)
Td6) 61497099999  -6.90 (DPD1)
Td7) 44287099999  -6.80 (RH7, DPD2)
Td8) 44277099999  -6.76 (RH3, DPD3)

Tw:
Tw1) 71182099999  13.70 (T2, q6, e5)
Tw2) 71496399999  12.73 (T1, q2, e2, Td1)
Tw3) 72967099999   8.27 (T5, Td3)
Tw4) 71182099999  -8.23 (T4)
Tw5) 72959599999   6.95 (T3)
Tw6) 71905099999   6.72 (T6, Td4)
Tw7) 02672099999  -5.86 (T7)
Tw8) 83775399999   4.68

DPD:
DPD1) 61497099999   7.39 (td6) 
DPD2) 44287099999   7.01 (RH7, Td7) 
DPD3) 44277099999   6.93 (RH3, Td8) 
DPD4) 44284099999   6.74 
DPD5) 76577099999  -6.62 (q4, RH4, Td5)
DPD6) 55664099999   6.53
DPD7) 94238099999  -6.32
DPD8) 94332099999   6.27
 

3.6) Stations Failing Post-PHA climatology check (data removed), Supersaturation and Subzeros:

Note, red = bad in 2014 and 2015, blue = new for 2015, grey = 2014 only.

T:

Good Stations = 3560

Bad Stations =98

040650, 082350, 135780, 165220, 229390, 303790, 307120, 307290, 376820, 382220, 400010, 400090, 400160, 400390, 400610, 412160, 415300, 415940, 425590, 444540, 485010, 488700, 505480, 606700, 610170, 612570, 612770, 612930,  614970, 620560,
621310, 621610, 624170, 624350, 636410, 637910, 645010, 645510, 648600, 672970, 677790, 678610, 679690, 680320, 684610, 701210, 722026, 722038, 722108, 722119, 722429, 722599, 722789, 722867, 722925, 722977, 723825, 723927, 723930, 724097, 724466,724721, 724800, 724936, 724946, 725245, 725865, 725946, 727436, 727834, 727934, 743945, 744900, 764050, 764230 769043, 783670, 784570, 784820, 787410, 787670, 789580, 800970, 801120, 804100, 804130, 804190, 804210, 804270, 812000, 829150, 835760, 841170, 844250, 845310, 862600, 864400, 865300, 870160, 873200, 873280, 874160, 875930, 877840, 889630, 890660, 912210, 919440, 919450, 942550, 961630, 962210, 967490, 968390, 972600, 984250, 984260, 984300, 984460, 987480 

RH:

Good Stations = 3601 (3633 including supersaturated stations)
Bad Stations = 16
229390, 303790, 307120, 307290, 400610, 415940, 620560, 621610, 637910, 648600,
804190, 812000, 862600, 870160, 875930, 890660, 972600
Supersaturated stations =32
014060, 060090, 061200, 064760, 064900, 101420, 102380, 112140, 119160, 151080, 160610, 160840, 162190, 200690, 200870, 202920, 230220, 470030, 470700, 471650, 547760, 548260, 563850, 584370, 589310, 599480, 614970, 683000, 700860, 703080, 714670, 715820, 724837, 724957, 726815, 727855, 745160, 787080, 870970, 890560 

DPD:

Good Stations = 3371 (3442 including supersaturated stations)

Bad Stations = 221

010470, 011060, 011150, 011940, 012120, 014030, 014060, 020120, 024000, 026220, 026300, 029900, 030570, 032080, 032620, 033140, 033470, 034925, 035270, 037170,
038740, 039670, 040890, 060590, 074280, 077490, 082720, 083830, 110120, 110220, 111900, 112140, 119270, 121250, 121600, 122150, 122850, 125500, 126700, 126900, 131600, 131730, 132240, 133480, 133890, 134650, 135910, 140240,  161140, 165220, 170700, 172900,  222820, 222920, 229390,  287910, 292530, 294770, 295760, 295870, 299620, 303560, 303790, 305260, 306640, 307120, 307290, 309150, 312630, 318320, 319130, 353580, 375750, 382220, 383530,  400090, 400160, 400390, 400610, 402650, 407060, 407450, 407660, 415300, 415940, 417640, 419780, 425590, 431170, 442560, 443140, 443470, 443580, 443730, 444540, 471360, 485650, 547510, 589680, 600600, 600960, 603200, 603400, 605060,  610170, 612300, 612770, 612960, 612970, 614010, 614970, 620560, 621610, 624170, 624350, 637910, 648600, 670830, 677810, 678430,
678610, 679690, 680240, 681100, 682400, 683280, 700860, 702310, 702315, 702757, 703620, 711974, 712220, 716240, 718360, 719403, 722029, 722038, 722065, 722066, 722108, 722119, 722315, 722345, 722348, 722533, 722570, 722598, 722599, 722673, 722789, 722867, 722886, 722903, 722925, 722955, 723069, 723090, 723303, 723536, 723825, 723927, 723930, 724094, 724095, 724097, 724288, 724345, 724466, 724721, 724765, 724800, 724935, 724936, 725128,  725865, 725955, 726357, 726375, 726515, 727344, 727415, 727436, 727458, 727890, 727928, 727934, 727937, 743700, 744900, 760053, 762863, 763820, 764050, 764230, 764915, 765560, 765710, 769043, 784570, 784600, 784820,  785830, 787110, 787170, 788580, 789580, 800090, 802100, 804100, 804190, 804210, 804270, 804380, 812000, , 841170, 844250, 845310, 847350, 852440, 862330, 862600, 862970, 863500, 864300, 864900, 865300, 865650, 870160, 870780, 873200, 873280, 874480, 875930, 878520, 879380, 889630, 890660, 895710, 912210, 915820, 916990, 941860, 963150, 964490, 964810, 967490, 969350, 972600, 981350, 983290, 984250, 984280, 984310, 984460, 985480, 986440, 987480 

Supersaturated Stations = 171

010230, 010280, 010490, 013670, 014420, 014650, 014770, 020200, 020480, 020550, 020960, 021240, 021960, 022480, 022590, 023240, 023360, 024000, 024040, 024060, 024100, 024120, 024180, 025620, 025640, 025820, 025860, 026800, 028050, 028070, 028230, 028440, 028640, 028690, 028750, 028790, 028970, 029030, 029240, 029810, 032810, 042020, 042310, 060090, 060600, 060710, 061200, 062650, 064760, 064900, 080450, 081710, 082020, 084510, 101420, 102380,106180, 107880, 108370, 110280, 110320, 111050, 111260, 111300, 112140, 114640, 117660, 119160, 119270,119340, 119680, 119930, 128510, 132890, 133520, 150200, 151080, 151200,151700, 152000, 152600, 152800, 154200, 154500, 154700, 156270, 160840, 161790, 162190, 165390, 170220, 170260, 171120, 172920, 200460, 200690, 219460, 226020, 230220, 255630, 256210, 282550, 283210, 285520, 286420, 303090, 304690, 311680, 319600, 353940, 320760, 321650, 325940, 333170, 357460, 370010, 371450, 376820, 383880, 389540, 400090, 400450, 402550, 423610, 427540, 442070, 442980, 443520, 470030, 470610, 470690, 471650, 529960, 547760, 548260, 549450, 563850, 577760, 578160, 578320, 584370, 589310, 599480, 607250, 607380, 636610, 647000, 653190, 700260, 700860, 701210, 701330, 701730, 701740, 702000, 702190, 702220, 702320, 702590, 702610, 702650, 702710, 703080, 703260, 703400, 703950, 704540, 710450, 710790, 710810, 714670, 715820,  718220, 718830, 718936, 719170, 719240, 719250, 719265, 719330, 719340, 719380, 719410, 719440, 719460, 719530, 719650, 719660, 723910, 724127,
724457, 724735, 724835, 724837, 724838, 724957, 725314, 725724, 725975, 726815, 726830, 726917, 727555, 727575, 727675, 727826, 727855, 729670, 740820, 745160, 747750, 760053, 765770, 857990, 870970, 879380, 889680, 890550, 890560,
890570, 937800

q:
Good Stations = 3557 (3638 including supersaturated and subzero stations)
Bad Stations = 17
229390, 303790, 307120, 307290, 400610, 415940, 620560, 621610, 637910, 648600, 804190, 812000, 862600, 870160, 875930, 889630, 890660, 972600 
Supersaturated Stations =31
014060, 060090, 061200, 064760, 064900, 101420, 102380, 112140, 119160, 151080, 160610, 160840, 162190, 200690, 200870, 202920, 230220, 470030, 470700, 471650, 547760, 548260, 563850, 584370, 589310, 599480, 683000, 700860, 703080, 714670, 715820, 724837, 724957, 726815, 727855, 745160, 787080, 870970, 890560
Subzero Stations = 50
022860, 023360, 042300, 042310, 233830, 234720, 243290, 246390, 246560, 247680, 249590, 256210, 257440, 300540, 301170, 302530, 307580, 307810, 311520, 312530, 314740, 315270, 315320, 359250, 442120, 442130, 442140, 442150, 442180, 442320, 442590, 442720, 442750, 442770, 442840, 442870, 442920, 442940, 442980, 443050, 443410, 443470, 443520, 443540, 443580, 443730, 614970, 701210, 702070, 710750, 711224, 719150, 719170, 719250, 726465, 726487, 726587

e:
Good Stations: 3553 (3638 including supersaturated and subzero stations)
Bad Stations: 17
229390, 303790, 307120, 307290, 400610, 415940, 620560, 621610, 637910, 648600, 804190, 812000, 862600, 870160, 875930, 889630, 890660, 972600
Supersaturated Stations:31
014060, 060090, 061200, 064760, 064900, 101420, 102380, 112140, 119160, 151080, 160610, 160840, 162190, 200690, 200870, 202920, 230220, 470030, 470700, 471650, 488260, 547760, 563850, 584370, 589310, 599480, 700860, 703080, 715820, 723910, 724837, 724957, 726815, 727855, 745160, 765770, 787080, 890560
Subzero Stations:54
022860, 023360,
042300, 042310, 233830, 234720, 243290, 246390, 246560, 249590, 255380, 256210, 257440, 300540, 301170, 302530, 307580, 307810, 311520, 312530, 314740,  315270, 315320, 359250, 442120, 442130, 442140, 442150, 442180, 442320, 442590, 442720, 442750, 442770, 442840, 442870, 442920, 442940, 442980, 443050, 443410, 443470,
443520, 443540, 443580, 443730, 552280, 554720, 555780, 556640, 614970, 701210, 702070, 710750, 711224, 719150, 719170, 719250, 726465, 726487, 726587 

Tw:  STATION LIST NOT UPDATED YET
Good Stations: 2782 (3642 including supersaturated stations)
Bad Stations: 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,97260
Supersaturated Stations: 860
010080, 010230, 010280, 010470, 010490, 010590, 010620, 010880, 010890, 012380,
012880, 013670, 014060, 014150, 014420, 014480, 014770, 014820, 020120, 020200,
020440, 020480, 020550, 020620, 020960, 021040, 021200, 021240, 021280, 021860,
021960, 022060, 022220, 022480, 022590, 022780, 022860, 022880, 022960, 023240,
023260, 023360, 023660, 024000, 024040, 024060, 024100, 024120, 024180, 024580,
025560, 025620, 025640, 025660, 025760, 025820, 025840, 026160, 026220, 026300,
026640, 028050, 028070, 028230, 028360, 028440, 028450, 028480, 028640, 028670,
028690, 028750, 028790, 028970, 029030, 029050, 029130, 029240, 029290, 029350,
029450, 029470, 029660, 029700, 029760, 029810, 029840, 031540, 032220, 032810, 
033180, 033790, 037170, 038560, 040480, 040560, 040890, 042020, 042200, 042310,
042500, 042720, 060520, 060590, 060600, 061200, 061930, 062470, 062500, 062650,
064080, 064760, 064900, 065900, 066800, 070610, 072800, 073140, 080450, 080800,
082150, 100330, 101360, 101420, 102030, 102380, 103060, 103210, 103350, 103430, 104390, 105140, 106180, 107710, 107880, 110120, 110220, 110280, 110300, 110320,
111010, 111050, 111260, 111300, 111460, 111550, 111820, 114640, 116030, 116590,
116790, 117660, 117870, 119160, 119300, 119930, 121000, 121850, 122150, 122850
122950, 123600, 123850, 124000, 124880, 125750, 125950, 128050, 128120, 129700,
130140, 131680, 132890, 133520, 133630, 133670, 133780, 133970, 135860, 135910, 140240, 150040, 150100, 150200, 150800,  150900, 151080, 151200, 151450, 151500,
151700, 152000, 152300, 152470, 152600, 152800, 152920, 153350, 153460, 154200,
154700, 156270, 160220, 160330, 160610, 160800, 160840, 161340, 161460, 162190,
165390, 171900, 170260, 172920, 200460, 200690, 200870, 201070, 202920, 206670, 206740, 207440, 214320, 218240, 219210, 219460, 219820, 221130, 221650, 222170, 222350, 222710, 223240, 223490, 224220, 224380, 224710, 225500, 225630, 225830, 226020, 226760, 228020, 228200, 228370, 228450, 228670, 229540, 230220, 230320, 230740, 232190, 232260, 232560, 232740, 233300, 233830, 234120, 234260, 234720, 235270, 235520, 236060, 236250, 236310, 236780, 237010, 237110, 237240, 237340, 238030, 238490, 239090, 239140, 239210, 239290, 239550, 239660, 239730, 239750,
241250, 241430, 242660, 243290, 243430, 245070, 246390, 246410, 246520, 246560,
246710, 246880, 247240, 247380, 247680, 248170, 248560, 249440, 249510, 249660, 249820, 249880, 251230, 251730, 253250, 253780, 253990, 254000, 255380, 255510, 255630, 255940, 256210, 257030, 257440, 259130, 262580, 264220, 267020, 267630, 268820, 268870, 268980, 269970, 270830, 271130, 272250, 272420, 272710, 273290, 273930, 276120, 276480, 277030, 278570, 279620, 280440, 280490, 280640, 280760, 281160, 282140, 282160, 282400, 282550, 282750, 283210, 283340, 283820, 283830, 284110, 284340, 284400, 284510, 284650, 284810, 284910, 285370, 285410, 285520, 285730, 285860, 285880, 285930, 285980, 286150, 286210, 286420, 286550, 286660, 286880, 286960, 287220, 287560, 287660, 287860, 287910, 287990, 289090, 289520, 289780, 289840, 290230, 291110, 291220, 292090, 292530, 292740, 292820, 293130, 293280, 293630, 294050, 294300, 294770, 294810, 295240, 295530, 295740, 295760, 295870, 295940, 296020, 296050, 296250, 296310, 296340, 296360, 296420, 296530, 296760, 296980, 297060, 297120, 297240, 297260, 297360, 297560, 297660, 298070, 298130, 298140, 298220, 298270, 298690, 299150, 299230, 299370, 299390, 299990
302530, 303090, 303200, 303280, 303560, 303720, 303850, 303930, 304050, 304550, 304690, 304930, 304990, 305040, 305260, 305360, 305370, 305540, 305670, 306030, 306120, 306220, 306270, 306350, 306500, 306640, 306730, 306830, 306860, 306920,
306950, 307410, 307640, 307810, 308110, 308290, 308380, 308440, 308530, 308620,
308790, 309150, 309250, 309350, 309570, 309610, 309650, 309710, 309750, 310040,
310540, 311230, 311370, 311520, 311740, 312630, 313000, 313290, 313480, 313880,
314160, 314180, 314390, 314450, 314740, 314780, 314890, 315320, 315340, 315940, 316240, 316550, 317020, 317070, 317250, 317350, 317540, 318320, 318450, 319390, 319600, 320270, 320690, 330410, 333170, 341520, 343630, 349490, 350370, 350260, 350670, 350780, 351080, 351730, 351880, 353020, 353940, 354060, 354260, 354970,
355320, 356710, 357460, 357960, 358490, 360210, 360220, 360380, 360610, 360960,
361030, 361520, 364280, 365350, 366390, 368700, 369740, 369820, 370010, 376820, 380620, 382220, 382620, 383410, 383880, 384620, 385790, 386180, 389540, 402550, 408090, 420710, 421310, 442070, 442130, 442140, 442150, 442180, 442300, 442310, 442320, 442370, 442390, 442410, 442560, 442590, 442650, 442720, 442750, 442770, 442840, 442850, 442920, 443020, 442940, 442980, 443020, 443040, 443050, 443140, 443360, 443470, 443520, 443540, 470140, 470200, 488390, 501360, 503530,504340, 505270, 505570, 505640, 506580, 507560, 507740, 507880, 508440, 508540, 509780, 512430, 515420, 516440, 517300, 529080, 530830, 540960, 541610, 543240, 544230, 563850, 577760, 577930, 578160, 584370, 585060, 589310, 607250, 700260, 700860, 701040, 701170, 701210, 701330, 701730, 701740, 702000, 702070, 702190, 702220, 702310, 702315, 702320, 702350, 702510, 702590, 702610, 702650, 702670, 702710, 702720, 702770, 702960, 702986, 703210, 703260, 703400, 703620, 703810, 703860, 703950, 704540, 710377, 710450, 710563, 710660, 710680, 710690, 710750, 710763,
710780, 710790, 710810, 710830, 710903, 710950, 711030, 711070, 711250, 711290,
711300, 711410, 711430, 711450, 711820, 711940, 712220, 712560, 712600, 713610,
714670, 713710, 714740, 714670, 714800, 715080, 715390, 715500, 715580,715820,
716030, 716060, 716280, 716300, 716310, 717140, 717270, 717350, 717374, 717390,
718220, 718230, 718250, 718270, 718280, 718340, 718360, 718440, 718450, 718520, 718540, 718560, 718575, 718610, 718620, 718650, 718660, 718670, 718690, 718703, 718710, 718730, 718760, 718780, 718810, 718830, 718860, 718880, 718900, 718936, 719050, 719060, 719070, 719090, 719100, 719130, 719150, 719170, 719220, 719240, 719250, 719265, 719320, 719330, 719340, 719380, 719400, 719403, 719410, 719430, 719440, 719450, 719460, 719510, 719530, 719550, 719570, 719640, 719650, 719660,

722225, 722246, 722356, 722420, 722429, 722897, 723069, 723086, 723307, 723527, 723783, 723830, 723910, 724085, 724127, 724175, 724220, 724275, 724290, 724336,
724455, 724457, 724458, 724515, 724555, 724565, 724620, 724655, 724675, 724676,
724735, 724760, 724765, 724835, 724836, 724837, 724838, 724855, 724885, 724926,
724957, 725038, 725101, 725125, 725127, 725128, 725140, 725156, 725185, 725197,
725205, 725235, 725240, 725267, 725287, 725314, 725315, 725346, 725366, 725375,
725396, 725450, 725455,725465, 725470, 725480, 725485, 725500, 725524, 725525, 725533, 725540, 725555, 725556, 725560, 725565, 725620, 725625, 725635, 725636,
725685, 725705, 725715, 725724, 725750, 725765, 725776, 725785, 725866, 725867,
725895, 725915, 725945, 726955, 725975, 726145, 726223, 726355, 726370, 726375,
726380, 726387, 726430, 726435, 726456, 726465, 726480, 726487, 726515, 726525,
726546, 726548, 726555, 726557, 726587, 726590, 727725, 726665, 726685, 726776, 726785, 726797, 726815, 726830, 726865, 726886, 727033, 727170, 727344, 727380, 727415, 727435, 727437, 727445, 727450, 727455, 727470, 727490, 727535, 727550, 727555, 727573, 727575, 727576, 727640, 727645, 727670, 727675, 727676, 727735, 727770, 727796, 727815, 727826, 727827, 727845, 727855, 727857, 727890, 727920, 727927, 727928, 727937, 727970, 728210, 728630, 728680, 729280, 729670, 740820,
742070, 724300, 743700, 743920, 744865, 744910, 744915, 745160, 747750, 763993, 765770, 766480, 780160, 803980, 812250, 837753, 856290, 857430, 857990, 859720, 864400, 870970, 872570, 873930, 876480, 876920, 889680, 890550, 890560, 890570,
890590, 895320, 895640, 895710, 896110, 981350

Td:
Good Stations: 3161 (3327 including supersaturated stations)
Bad Stations: 428 (221 from data removals during PHA dpd and T)
010470, 010880, 011060, 011150, 011940, 012120, 013670, 014030, 014060, 020120, 024000, 026220, 026300, 029900, 030570, 032080, 032620, 033140, 033470, 034925, 035270, 037170, 038740, 039280, 039670, 040650, 040890, 060590, 074280, 077490, 082310, 082350, 082720, 083830, 105140, 110120, 110220, 111900, 112140, 119270, 121250, 121600, 122150, 122850, 125500, 126600, 126700, 126900, 131600, 131730, 132240, 133480, 133890, 134650, 135780, 135910, 140240, 161140, 163250, 165220, 170700, 172900, 222820, 222920, 229390, 287910, 292530, 294770, 295760, 295870, 299620, 303560, 303790, 305260, 306640, 307120, 307290, 309150, 312630, 318320, 319130, 353580, 375750, 376820, 382220, 382640, 383530, 400010, 400090, 400160, 400390, 400610, 402650, 402720, 403400, 407060, 407450, 407660, 412160, 415300, 415940, 416600, 417640, 419780, 421010, 425590, 431170, 442560, 442840, 443140,  443470, 443580, 443730, 444540, 471360, 483270, 484560, 484770, 485010, 485650, 488550, 488700, 488870, 489140, 505480, 547510, 589680, 597920, 600600, 600960, 603200, 603400, 603510, 603550, 605060, 605490, 605900, 606020, 606700, 606800, 610170, 612230, 612300, 612570, 612650, 612770, 612930, 612960, 612970, 614010, 614210, 614970, 620560, 621310, 621610, 622710, 624170, 624350, 636410, 637200, 637910, 645010, 645510, 646500, 648600, 670830, 672970, 677790, 677810, 678430, 678610, 678670, 679690, 680240, 680320, 681100, 682400, 683280, 684610, 700860, 701210, 701730, 702310, 702315, 702757, 703620, 703860, 711974, 712060, 712220, 716240, 718360, 718450, 719403, 722026, 722029, 722038, 722057, 722065, 722066, 722108, 722119, 722175, 722225, 722246, 722265, 722315, 722316, 722340, 722345, 722348, 722429, 722520, 722533, 722570, 722598, 722599, 722673, 722687, 722688, 722730, 722786, 722789, 722867, 722885, 722886, 722903, 722925, 722955, 722977,  723069, 723090, 723191, 723303, 723536, 723555, 723677, 723815, 723825, 723830, 723927,723930, 724040, 724094, 724095, 724097, 724288, 724345, 724466, 724721, 724765, 724800, 724835, 724935, 724936, 724946, 725038, 725128, 725245, 725246, 725865, 725946, 725955, 726055, 726357, 726375, 726515, 726548, 726587, 726986, 727344, 727415, 727436, 727458, 727834, 727890, 727928, 727934, 727937, 743700, 743945, 744865, 744900, 745940, 747187, 747188, 747685, 747915, 760053, 762863, 763503, 763820, 764050, 764230, 764910, 764915, 765390, 765560, 765710, 767755, 769043, 780620, 783670, 784570, 784600, 784820, 785350, 785470, 785830, 787110, 787170, 787410, 787670, 788580, 788660, 789580, 789900, 800090, 800970, 801120, 802100, 804100, 804130, 804190, 804210, 804270, 804380, 812000, 820220, 829150, 835760, 838270, 841170, 844250, 845310, 847350, 852440, 856290, 862330, 862600, 862970, 863500, 864300, 864400, 864900, 865300, 865650, 870160, 870780, 872170,  873200, 873280, 874160, 874480, 875930, 876480, 876880, 877840, 878520, 879380, 889630, 890660, 895710, 912210, 915820, 916990, 919430, 919440, 919450, 941860, 942550, 943460, 961630, 962210, 963150, 964810, 964490, 964810, 967490, 968390, 969350, 970140, 972600, 981350, 983290, 984250, 984260, 984280, 984300, 984310, 984440, 984460, 984470, 985480,  986440, 987480, 987530
Supersaturated Stations: 166 
010230, 010280, 010490, 014420, 014650, 014770, 020200, 020480, 020550, 020960, 021240, 021960, 022480, 022590, 023240, 023360, 024000, 024040, 024060, 024100, 024120, 024180, 025620, 025640, 025820, 025860, 026800, 028050, 028070, 028230, 028440, 028640, 028690, 028750, 028790, 028970, 029030, 029240, 029810, 032810, 042020, 042310, 060090, 060600, 060710, 061200, 062650, 064760, 064900, 080450, 081710, 082020, 084510, 101420, 102380, 106180, 107880, 108370, 110280, 110320, 111050, 111260, 111300, 112140, 114640, 117660, 119160, 119270, 119340, 119680,
119930, 128510, 132890, 133520, 150200, 151080, 151200, 151700, 152000, 152600, 152800, 154200, 154500, 154700, 156270, 160840, 161790, 162190, 165390, 170220, 170260, 171120, 172920, 200460, 200690, 219460, 226020, 230220, 255630, 256210, 282550, 283210, 285520, 286420, 289520, 303090, 304690, 311680, 319600, 320760, 321650, 325940, 333170, 353940, 357460, 370010, 371450, 383880,  389540, 400450, 402550, 423610, 427540, 442070, 442980, 443520, 470030,  470610, 470690, 471650, 529960, 547760, 548260, 549450, 563850, 577760, 578160, 578320, 584370, 589310, 599480, 607250, 607380, 636610, 647000, 653190, 700260, 701330, 701730, 701740, 702000, 702190, 702220, 702320, 702590, 702610, 702650, 702710, 703080, 703260, 703400, 703950, 704540, 710450, 710790, 710810, 714670, 715820, 718220, 718830, 718936, 719170, 719240, 719250, 719265, 719330, 719340, 719380, 719410, 719440, 719460, 719530, 719650, 719660, 723910, 724127, 724457, 724735, 724835, 724837, 724838, 724957, 725314, 725724, 725945, 725975, 726815, 726830, 726917, 727555, 727575, 727675, 727826, 727855, 729670, 740820, 745160, 747750, 760053, 765770, 857990, 870970, 879380, 889680, 890550, 890560, 890570, 937800

3.7) Estimating uncertainty and gridding

The remaining stations are then gridded to create the HadISDH.2.1.0.2015p product which is a 5 by 5 degree gridbox average over all stations within each gridbox (no interpolation or weighting). Uncertainty fields are also gridded in addition to an estimate of uncertainty due to the uneven spatio-temporal sampling across each gridbox. Missed adjustment uncertainty is obtained from a global analysis of the distribution of adjustments for each variable subtracted from a fat-tailed Gaussian fit that infills the missing middle. The PHA/IDPHA adjustments and changepoint frequencies are shown in Figures 1 to 7 below.

Figure 1 Specific Humidity adjustment and changepoint statistics. a) Distribution of adjustment sizes. The actual distribution is shown in black. The Gaussian best fit is shown in grey. A fat-tailed Gaussian merged fit made up of the real and Gaussian bins, taking the largest value at each bin, is shown in dashed red. The difference distribution between the fat-tailed Gaussian and the real distribution is shown in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference distribution are shown. The standard deviation of the difference distribution is taken as the 1 sigma estimate for missed adjustment uncertainty.

Figure 2 Relative Humidity adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 3 Vapour Pressure adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 4 Dew Point Temperature adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 5 Wet Bulb Temperature adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 6 Dew Point Depression adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

Figure 7 Temperature adjustment and changepoint statistics. See Figure 1 for details.

The adjustment statistics are as follows:

q  

3.99 changepoints per station (2014=3.84, 2013=3.76)

ABS mean = 0.26, st dev = 0.30 (2014,2014=virtually same)

Mean = -0.01, st dev = 0.40 (2014,2013=same)
Mean of diffs = -0.01, stdev = 0.16 (2013,2014=0.00, 0.14)

RH 

3.99 changepoints per station (2014=3.84, 2013=3.76)

ABS mean = 2.88, st dev = 2.19 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean = 0.01, st dev = 3.62 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = 0.03, stdev = 1.01 (2014=-0.08, 0.99)

e

3.99 changepoints per station (2014=3.84, 2013=3.76)

ABS mean = 0.41, st dev = 0.46 (2014,2013=same)

Mean = -0.01, st dev = 0.62 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = 0.00, stdev = 0.20 (2014,2013=virtually same)
 

Td
3.88 changepoints per station (2014=3.7, 2013=3.6)

ABS mean = 0.78, st dev = 0.69 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean = -0.01, st dev = 1.04 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = -0.01, stdev = 0.31 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Tw

3.99 changepoints per station (2014=3.83, 2013=3.75)

ABS mean = 0.31, st dev = 0.37 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean = -0.01, st dev = 0.48 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = 0.00, stdev = 0.18 (2014,2013=virtually same)

DPD
2.68 changepoints per station (2014=2.57, 2013=2.52)

ABS mean = 0.99, st dev = 0.70 (2014=same,2013=virtually same)

Mean = -0.00, st dev = 1.21 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = -0.01, stdev = 0.26 (2014,2013=virtually same)

T 

3.81 changepoints per station (2014=3.62,2013=3.58)

ABS mean = 0.39, st dev = 0.49 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean = -0.02, st dev = 0.62 (2014,2013=virtually same)

Mean of diffs = 0.00, stdev = 0.26 (2014,2013=virtually same)

In all cases the changepoint frequency per station has increased slightly, as it did between 2013 and 2014. There are no significant differences in the distribution of the adjustments applied.
 

4) Differences in gridbox and regional average trends between HadISDH.2.0.1.2014p and 2.1.0.2015p

Version 2.1.0.2014p adds an extra 12 months of data to most stations but additionally, there are some historical additions and amendments due to housekeeping done at the NOAA/NCEI ISD end. Additionally, even just adding an extra year of data can alter some of the changepoint locations detected and adjustment magnitudes applied. So, with this in mind, and the small code change to the PHA in v52j, we would expect very small differences between version 2.0.1.2014p and 2.1.0.2015p in the 1973-2014 years. To look at this in more detail, Figures 8 to 14 explore differences in gridbox and regional trends between the two versions. Note that trends cover the full period of each version.

Figure 8 Specific Humidity gridbox and regional average trend differences between version 2.0.1.2014p and 2.1.0.2015p. a) Ratio of gridbox decadal trends. A ratio greater than 1 means that trends in v2.0.1.2014p are greater than in v2.1.0.2015p and vice versa. b) Scatter plot of gridbox decadal trends between the two version with percentage of gridboxes falling in each quadrant. c) Distribution of gridbox decadal trends. d) to g) Regional average time series and decadal trends (with 5th to 95 percentile confidence ranges in parentheses). Regional averages are calculated by weighting each gridbox by the cosine of its latitude. Trends are fitted using the median of pairwise slopes (Sen, 1968) and the range represents the 95% uncertainty.

Figure 9 Relative Humidity gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Figure 10 Vapour Pressure gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Figure 11 Dew Point Temperature gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Figure 12 Wet Bulb Temperature gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Figure 13 Dew Point Depression gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Figure 14 Temperature gridbox and regional trend differences between v2.0.1.2014p and v2.1.0.2015p. Details are as for Figure 8.

Trend differences are generally very small. In all cases the 1973-2015 trends show very slightly stronger warming and moistening (increasing water vapour)/less aridity (smaller decreasing trends in saturation [RH]).  The largest differences have occurred in RH and DPD in the Southern Hemisphere. The 1973-2014 global RH trend showed a drying trend that was significantly different from zero. However, the addition of 2015, although still way below average, has resulted in a drying trend that is not significantly different from zero. Clearly the drying observed since ~2000 is not long enough yet to be robust to year-to-year variability and so we should be cautious about calling it a long-term drying trend.

In all cases it could be argued that changes in the trends are insignificant as they are within both the uncertainty levels of the data themselves (not shown) and those of the estimated trends.

5) Gridbox decadal trends (1973-2015) for HadISDH.2.1.0.2015p

As demonstrated in section 4, the addition of an extra 12 months of data and in a few cases, some historical amendments, has really made very little difference to large scale trends. Figures 15 to 21 below show the decadal gridbox trends. Gridbox trends are also shown as aggregates by latitude which demonstrates clear latitudinal differences in some cases and spread. The proportion of land gridboxes at each latitude, and the proportion of those gridboxes with data, are also shown for each variable. All variables have near complete coverage in the Northern Hemisphere, with virtually no sampling at the high latitudes and poorest coverage in the Tropics.

Figure 15 Specific Humidity gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Decadal trends are also shown by latitude with the average for each latitude also plotted. Dark grey shading represents the proportion of area that is a land gridbox at that latitude. Light grey shading represents the proportion of those land gridboxes with data present. Trends are fitted using the median of pairwise slopes (Sen, 1968). Gridboxes with black borders are those considered to be significantly different from a zero trend (95% uncertainty).

Figure 16 Relative Humidity gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.

Figure 17 Vapour Pressure gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.

Figure 18 Dew Point Temperature gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.

Figure 19 Wet Bulb Temperature gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.

Figure 20 Dew Point Depression gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.

Figure 21 Temperature gridbox decadal trends over the 1973 to 2015 period. Details are as described for Figure 15.