1) Overview
This is a routine annual update of the monthly HadISDH fields based on HadISD.1.0.2.2013p.
All variables are now included: T, Td, Tw, q, e and RH.
HadISD hourly T and Td are converted to hourly Tw, e, q and RH (and DPD). These are then averaged across each month. Monthly DPD is calculated from monthly T-Td. This differs by a small amount to monthly DPD averaged from hourly DPD but all humidity variables are based on Td so it is more consistent to do it this way.
Only stations for which there is sufficient coverage across the 1976-2005 climatology period are retained: at least 4 hours within a day (1 in each third: 0:8, 8:16, 16:24hrs), at least 15 days within a month, at least 15 years within the 30 year climatology period with at least 1 year in each decade.
T and DPD are homogenised directly using PHA. Due to the greater detection power of DPD and the knowledge that small inhomogeneities go undetected, all locations of changepoints in DPD are also applied to T using the indirect PHA method (in addition to adjustments already applied).
All changepoint locations from T and DPD are used as changepoint locations to apply adjustments to the other variables (q, e, RH and Tw). This is indirect PHA. Adjustments are estimated from all of the pairwise difference series for each station's neighbour network before and after each changepoint.
Additional stations are lost during direct PHA due to data removals when no adjustment can be robustly estimated in the case of a detected changepoint. No data are removed during indirect PHA.
Uncertainties are estimated for each station based on homogenisation, measurement and climatology. Measurement uncertainty uses information from homogenised T and RH to allocate the amount of uncertainty relating to the original wet bulb measurement. Where T files/observations are not available 0 deg C (results in a 3%rh uncertainty) is assumed. Where RH files/observations are not available a moderate RH of 80% is assumed. This prevents missing measurement uncertainties when the candidate variable is present.
Resulting stations are tested for occurrences of supersaturation and subzero values (RH, q, e). These stations are also removed. Remaining stations are then gridded by averaging over 5by5 degree gridboxes.
Uncertainties are estimated for each gridbox based on combining the station uncertainty in quadrature and the sampling uncertainty of the gridbox.
2) Statistics
2.1) Number of HadISD stations:
6103
2.2) Number of stations passing through climatology check:
3679 (2424 failing)
2.3) Stations removed by PHA:
T = 3 (3676 remaining)85469099999, -27.17S, -109.43W, 69m, CH, ISLA DE PASCUA
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS
91925099999, -9.80S, -139.03W, 53m, PF, ATUONA
DPD = 9 (3670 remaining)
68994099999, -46.88S, 37.87E, 21m, ZA MARION ISLAND
84782099999, -18.05S, -70.27W, 458m, PR, TACNA
85488099999, -29.92S, -71.20W, 146m, CH, LA SERENA
88968099999, -60.73S, -44.73W, 8m, AY, BASE ORCADAS
89002099999, -70.67S, -8.25W, 50m, AY, NEUMAYER
89022099999, -75.50S, -26.65W, 30m, AY, HALLEY
91610099999, 1.35N, 172.92E, 4m, KB, TARAWA
91643080705, -8.53S, 179.22E, 2m, TV, FUNAFUTI NF
91943099999, -14.48S, -145.03W, 3m, PF, TAKAROA
All variables are now based on station lists from T and DPD combined (including T) and so the starting number of stations is 3667 with the above 12 removed after PHA.
PHA statistics given for all variables even though the PHA direct homogenised data are not used:
q = 5 (3674 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND
89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS
89611099999, -66.28S, 110.52E, 41m, AY, CASEY
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS
RH = 6 (3673 remaining)
68994099999, -46.88S, 37.87E, 21m, ZA, MARION ISLAND
84782099999, -18.05S, -70.27W, 458m, PR, TACNA
85470099999, -27.30S, -70.42W, 290m, CH, COPIAPO
85930099999, -52.40S, -75.10W, 52m, CH, FARO EVANGELISTAS
89022099999, -75.50S, -26.65W, 30m, AY, HALLEY
91610099999, 1.35N, 172.92E, 4m, KB, TARAWA
Tw = 3 (3676 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS
Td =4 (3675 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND
89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS
e =4 (3675 remaining)
08501099999, 39.45N, -31.13W, 29m, PO, FLORES (ACORES)
68906099999, -40.35S, -9.88W, 54m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND
89571099999, -68.58S, 77.95E, 13m, AY, DAVIS
91066022701, 28.20N, -177.38W, 4m, US, MIDWAY ISLAND NAS
2.4) Stations Removed by Indirect PHA:
T= 2 (3665 remaining) THIS IS ALSO THE CASE FOR Td08501099999, 39.4500N, -31.1330W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES), 6neighbours
89611099999, -66.2830S, 110.5170E, 41.0m, AY, CASEY, 6neighbours
RH = 9 (3658 remaining)
68104099999, -22.8830S, 14.4330E, 0.0m, NM, WALVIS BAY (PELICAN, 5
78767099999, 10.0000N, -83.0500W, 3.0m, CS, PUERTO LIMON, 6
84117099999, -0.9500S, -80.6830W, 14.0m, EQ, MANTA, 5
85470099999, -27.3000S, -70.4170W, 290.0m, CH, COPIAPO, 0
85930099999, -52.4000S, -75.1000W, 52.0m, CH, FARO EVANGELISTAS, 0
88963099999, -63.4000S, -56.9830W, 24.0m, AY, BASE ESPERANZA, 6
89564099999, -67.6000S, 62.8670E, 16.0m, AY, MAWSON, 5
89571099999, -68.5830S, 77.9500E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS, 6
93945099999, -52.5500S, 169.1670E, 19.0m, NZ, CAMPBELL ISLAND AWS, 5
q = 6 (3661 remaining)
08501099999, 39.4500N, -31.1330W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES), 0
68906099999, -40.3500S, -9.8830W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND, 0
89532099999, -69.0000S, 39.5830E, 21.0m, AY, SYOWA, 6
89571099999, -68.5830S, 77.9500E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS, 0
89611099999, -66.2830S, 110.5170E, 41.0m, AY, CASEY, 0
91165022536, 21.9790N -159.3410W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT, 6
e = 6 (3661 remaining)
08501099999, 39.4500N, -31.1330W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES), 0
68906099999, -40.3500S, -9.8830W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND, 0
89532099999, -69.0000S, 39.5830E, 21.0m, AY, SYOWA, 6
89571099999, -68.5830S, 77.9500E, 13.0m, AY, DAVIS, 0
89611099999, -66.2830S, 110.5170E, 41.0m, AY, CASEY, 5
91165022536, 21.9790N -159.3410W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT, 6
Tw = 5 (3662 remaining)
08501099999, 39.4500N, -31.1330W, 29.0m, PO, FLORES (ACORES), 0
08505099999, 38.5170N, -28.7170W, 41.0m, PO, HORTA/CASTELO BRANC, 6
68906099999, -40.3500S, -9.8830W, 54.0m, ZA, GOUGH ISLAND, 0
91165022536, 21.9790N, -159.3410W, 45.1m, US, LIHUE AIRPORT, 6
91176022519, 21.4510N, -157.7680W, 5.5m, US, KANEOHE BAY MCAS, 6
2.5) Stations Removed Because the Adjustments are TOO Large:
We noticed that some adjustments were extremely large. For example, station 714963 has a 13.99 deg C shift, station 729595 has a 9.62 degC shift, station 719410 has a 6.83 degC shift and station 026720 has a -5.54 degC shift in temperature. On further investigation as part of HadISD many of these are found to be erroneous station merges (legacy HadISD code). Such large shifts indicate something pretty screwy has happened to the station. Therefore it is justifiable to remove such stations from any further processing as part of the gridded HadISDH. Station moves will most likely effect temperature and humidity. Therefore a shift would appear in the temperature record but probably not in the dewpoint depression record (because a simultaneous change in T and Td leaves no change in DPD). For this reason any stations with an adjustment applied in T (PHA direct only) that is greater than 5 degC is removed from further processing.71496399999 13.99 SUSPECT HadISD BAD MERGE
72959599999 9.62 BAD HadISD MERGE
71941099999 6.65 SUSPECT HadISD BAD MERGE
02672099999 -5.54 BAD HadISD MERGE
71826099999 -5.45 BAD HadISD MERGE
53588099999 5.09 STATION MOVE/PRE-ISD MERGE?
This results in the following station counts:
e 3655 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_IDPHAe_JAN2014.txt
q 3655 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_IDPHAq_JAN2014.txt
RH 3652 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_IDPHArh_JAN2014.txt
T 3659 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_IDPHAt_JAN2014.txt
Tw 3656 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_IDPHAtw_JAN2014.txt
Td 3659 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_PHADPDtd_JAN2014.txt
DPD 3664 goodforHadISDH.2.0.0.2013p_PHAdpd_JAN2014.txt
SHOULD WE ALSO REMOVE THOSE STATIONS WITH RIDICULOUSLY LARGE TRENDS? WHAT THRESHOLD WOULD YOU CHOOSE? VERY SUBJECTIVE.
SHOULD WE REMOVE STATIONS WITH TOO MANY ADJUSTMENTS?
LATER PRODUCTION OF A GOLD STANDARD PRODUCT WHERE ONLY CONTINUOUS STATIONS ARE INCLUDED.
2.6) Stations Failing Post-PHA climatology check (data removed), Supersaturation and Subzeros:
T:
Good Stations = 3561
Bad Stations = 98
040650,134650,135780,229390,303790,307120,307290,382220,400010,400090,400160,
400390,400610,415940,425590,444540,505480,610170,612570,612770,614970,620560,
621610,624170,636410,637910,645010,645510,677790,678610,679690,680320,722026,
722038,722108,722599,722789,722867,722925,723825,723930,724466,724721,724800,
724936,724946,725245,725865,725946,727436,727834,727934,743945,744900,764050,
769043,784820,787170,787410,787670,789580,800940,801120,804130,804190,804210,
804270,812000,829150,835760,841170,844250,845310,861340,862600,864900,865300,
400390,400610,415940,425590,444540,505480,610170,612570,612770,614970,620560,
621610,624170,636410,637910,645010,645510,677790,678610,679690,680320,722026,
722038,722108,722599,722789,722867,722925,723825,723930,724466,724721,724800,
724936,724946,725245,725865,725946,727436,727834,727934,743945,744900,764050,
769043,784820,787170,787410,787670,789580,800940,801120,804130,804190,804210,
804270,812000,829150,835760,841170,844250,845310,861340,862600,864900,865300,
870160,873200,874160,875930,876480,877840,889630,890660,912210,915200,941860,
942550,961630,962210,967490,968390,972600,981350,984250,984300,987410
942550,961630,962210,967490,968390,972600,981350,984250,984300,987410
RH:
Good Stations = 3607
Bad Stations = 16
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,890660,972600
Supersaturated stations = 28
014060,061200,064760,064900,101420,151080,160610,162190,200690,200870,202920,
470700,488260,547760,584370,589310,599480,700860,703080,715820,723910,724837,
724957,727855,745160,765770,787080,890560
DPD: 3451
Good Stations = 3298
Bad Stations = 213
010470,011060,011150,011940,012120,020120,020960,024000,026220,026300,029900,
030570,032080,032620,033140,033470,034925,037170,038740,039670,060590,060710,
062470,074280,082350,082720,121250,122850,125500,126700,126900,131600,131730,
132660,133480,134650,135910,140240,154600,161140,165220,170700,170840,172900,
222820,222920,229390,272520,285980,287910,292530,294770,295760,295870,299620,
303560,303790,306640,307120,307290,309150,312630,318320,319130,383530,400090,
400160,400390,400610,402650,402700,407450,407540,415940,419780,425590,431170,
443140,443470,443580,443730,444540,471360,484770,547510,600600,603200,603400,
605060,606800,610170,612300,612770,612960,612970,614010,614970,620560,621610,
622590,624350,637910,677810,678610,679690,681100,683280,702310,702315,702757,
703620,712220,716100,718575,722029,722038,722065,722066,722085,722108,722119,
722345,722348,722429,722533,722598,722599,722673,722789,722867,722885,722903,
722925,723067,723069,723191,723536,723825,723930,724094,724095,724097,724466,
724666,724721,724800,724936,725128,725376,725865,725946,726357,726375,726515,
727415,727436,727458,727928,727934,744900,762863,763820,764050,764230,764915,
765560,765710,766480,767755,784600,784820,785350,787110,787170,788580,789580,
804100,804190,804270,804380,812000,835760,841170,844250,847350,862330,862600,
862970,864300,864400,865300,865650,870160,870780,873200,875930,876880,878520,
879380,889630,890660,895710,912210,963150,964810,969350,972600,983290,984280,
984460,985480,986440,987480
030570,032080,032620,033140,033470,034925,037170,038740,039670,060590,060710,
062470,074280,082350,082720,121250,122850,125500,126700,126900,131600,131730,
132660,133480,134650,135910,140240,154600,161140,165220,170700,170840,172900,
222820,222920,229390,272520,285980,287910,292530,294770,295760,295870,299620,
303560,303790,306640,307120,307290,309150,312630,318320,319130,383530,400090,
400160,400390,400610,402650,402700,407450,407540,415940,419780,425590,431170,
443140,443470,443580,443730,444540,471360,484770,547510,600600,603200,603400,
605060,606800,610170,612300,612770,612960,612970,614010,614970,620560,621610,
622590,624350,637910,677810,678610,679690,681100,683280,702310,702315,702757,
703620,712220,716100,718575,722029,722038,722065,722066,722085,722108,722119,
722345,722348,722429,722533,722598,722599,722673,722789,722867,722885,722903,
722925,723067,723069,723191,723536,723825,723930,724094,724095,724097,724466,
724666,724721,724800,724936,725128,725376,725865,725946,726357,726375,726515,
727415,727436,727458,727928,727934,744900,762863,763820,764050,764230,764915,
765560,765710,766480,767755,784600,784820,785350,787110,787170,788580,789580,
804100,804190,804270,804380,812000,835760,841170,844250,847350,862330,862600,
862970,864300,864400,865300,865650,870160,870780,873200,875930,876880,878520,
879380,889630,890660,895710,912210,963150,964810,969350,972600,983290,984280,
984460,985480,986440,987480
Supersaturated Stations = 149
014420,014770,020200,020480,020960,021240,021960,022220,022480,022590,023240,
023360,024040,024060,024100,024180,024580,025620,025660,025820,026800,028050,
028070,028230,028790,029030,029810,060300,060600,061200,062650,064760,101420,
102380,103430,107880,108370,110220,110320,111050,111260,111300,114640,119930,
133520,151080,151200,152000,152800,156270,160330,160840,161340,162190,165390,
200460,249440,255630,256210,282550,283210,285520,289520,289780,311680,321650,
370010,376820,379850,389110,400720,402550,423610,442070,442310,442980,443520,
470410,470610,488260,529960,547760,548260,577760,584370,589310,599480,647000,
700260,700860,701210,701330,701730,701740,702000,702220,702320,702590,702610,
702650,702710,703080,703260,703400,704540,710450,710790,710810,711060,711070,
711380,711820,714670,716300,718220,718935,718936,719170,719240,719250,719330,
719380,719440,719460,719510,719530,719650,719660,723910,724127,724735,724835,
724838,724957,725314,725540,725724,725975,726815,727555,727575,727675,729670,
740820,747770,765770,890550,890560,896110,942550,945150,949100,983250
q:
Good Stations = 3558
Bad Stations = 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations = 28
014060,061200,064760,064900,101420,151080,160610,162190,200690,200870,202920,
470700,488260,547760,584370,589310,599480,700860,703080,715820,723910,724837,
724957,727855,745160,765770,787080,890560
Subzero Stations = 52
022860,023360,042310,233830,243290,247680,249590,255380,256210,257440,300540,
301170,305210,307580,307810,310540,311520,314740,359250,360960,442120,442130,
442140,442150,442180,442320,442590,442720,442770,442840,442870,442920,442940,
443050,443410,443470,443520,443540,443580,443730,506030,555780,556640,701210,
702070,710750,715570,718450,719250,719265,726487,726587
e:
Good Stations: 3558
Bad Stations: 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations: 28
014060,061200,064760,064900,101420,151080,160610,162190,200690,200870,202920,
470700,488260,547760,584370,589310,599480,700860,703080,715820,723910,724837,
724957,727855,745160,765770,787080,890560
Subzero Stations: 52
022860,023360,042310,233830,243290,246880,247680,249590,255380,256210,257440,
300540,301170,305210,307580,307810,310540,311520,314740,359250,360960,442120,
442130,442140,442150,442180,442320,442590,442720,442770,442840,442870,442940,
443050,443410,443470,443520,443540,443580,443730,555780,701210,702070,710750,
711224,715570,718450,719250,719265,726487,726548,726587
Tw:
Good Stations: 2831
Bad Stations: 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations: 808
010080,010470,010490,010590,010620,010890,012380,012880,013670,014060,014150,
014420,014480,014770,014820,020120,020200,020480,020550,020620,020960,021040,
021200,021240,021280,021860,021960,022060,022220,022480,022590,022780,022860,
022880,022960,023240,023260,023360,023660,024000,024040,024060,024100,024120,
024180,024580,025560,025620,025640,025660,025760,025820,026220,026640,028050,
028070,028230,028360,028440,028450,028480,028640,028670,028750,028790,028970,
029030,029050,029130,029240,029290,029350,029470,029660,029700,029760,029810,
029840,031540,032220,032810,033180,033790,037170,038560,040560,040890,042020,
042200,042310,042500,042720,060520,060600,061200,061930,062470,062500,062650,
064080,064760,064900,065900,066800,073140,082150,100330,101420,102380,103350,
103430,104390,105140,106180,107710,107880,110120,110220,110280,110320,111010,
111050,111260,111300,111460,111550,111820,114640,116590,119300,119930,121000,
121850,122150,122850,123600,123850,124880,125750,128120,130140,131680,133520,
133630,133670,135910,140240,150040,150100,150200,150800,150900,151080,151200,
151450,151500,151700,152000,152300,152470,152600,152800,152920,153350,153460,
154700,156270,160220,160330,160610,160840,161340,161460,162190,165390,171900,
200460,200690,200870,201070,202920,206670,206740,207440,214320,219210,219460,
219820,221130,221650,222170,222350,222710,223240,224220,224380,224710,225500,
225830,226020,226760,228200,228370,228450,228670,229540,230320,230740,232260,
232560,232740,233300,233830,234120,234260,234720,235270,235520,236060,236250,
236310,236780,237010,237110,237240,237340,238030,239090,239140,239290,239550,
239730,239750,241250,241430,242660,243290,243430,245070,246390,246410,246520,
246560,246710,246880,247240,247380,247680,248170,248560,249440,249510,249660,
249820,249880,251230,251730,253250,253990,254000,255380,255510,255630,255940,
256210,257030,259130,262580,267020,268820,268980,269970,270830,271130,272250,
273290,273930,276120,276480,279620,280440,280640,280760,281160,282140,282160,
282550,282750,283210,283340,283820,284110284400,284510,284650,284910,285370,
285520,285730,285860,285880,285930,285980,286150,286550,286660,286880,287560,
287660,287860,287990,289090,289520,289780,289840,290230,291110,291220,292090,
292530,292740,292820,293130,293280,293630,294050,294810,295530,295740,295760,
295870,295940,296020,296050,296250,296310,296340,296360,296420,296530,296760,
296980,297060,297120,297240,297260,297360,297560,297660,298070,298130,298140,
298220,298270,298690,299150,299230,299370,299990,302530,303090,303200,303280,
303560,303850,303930,304550,304690,304930,304990,305040,305260,305360,305370,
305540,305670,306030,306120,306220,306500,306640,306730,306830,306860,306920,
306950,307410,307640,308110,308380,308440,308530,308620,309150,309250,309350,
309610,309650,309750,310040,310540,311230,311370,311520,311740,312630,313000,
313290,313480,313880,314160,314390,314450,314780,314890,315320,315340,315940,
316240,316550,317020,317250,317350,317540,318320,319390,320270,343630,350260,
350670,350780,351080,351730,351880,353020,353940,354060,354260,355320,356710,
357460,357960,358490,360210,360220,360380,360610,360960,361030,361520,364280,
365350,366390,368700,369740,369820,370010,376820,380620,383410,384620,385790,
386180,389540,402550,408090,420710,421310,442070,442130,442150,442180,442310,
442320,442390,442410,442560,442590,442650,442720,442750,442770,442840,442850,
442920,442940,442980,443020,443040,443050,443140,443360,443470,443520,443540,
470140,470200,501360,503530,504340,505270,505640,506580,507560,507740,507880,
508440,512430,515420,516440,517300,529080,541610,543240,577760,577930,584370,
585060,589310,607250,700260,700860,701040,701170,701210,701330,701730,701740,
702000,702070,702190,702220,702310,702315,702320,702350,702510,702590,702610,
702650,702670,702710,702720,702770,702960,702986,703210,703260,703400,703620,
703810,703860,704540,710377,710450,710563,710660,710680,710690,710750,710763,
710780,710790,710810,710830,710903,710950,711030,711070,711250,711290,711300,
711410,711430,711450,711820,711940,712220,712560,712600,713710,714670,714800,
715500,715820,716030,716060,716300,716310,717270,717350,717374,718220,718230,
718250,718270,718280,718340,718360,718440,718450,718520,718540,718560,718575,
718610,718620,718650,718660,718670,718690,718703,718710,718730,718760,718780,
718810,718830,718860,718880,718900,718936,719050,719060,719070,719090,719100,
719130,719150,719170,719220,719240,719250,719265,719320,719330,719340,719380,
719400,719403,719430,719440,719450,719460,719510,719530,719550,719570,719640,
719650,719660,722225,722356,722420,722429,722897,723783,723830,723910,724085,
724127,724175,724275,724336,724455,724457,724555,724620,724655,724675,724676,
724735,724765,724835,724836,724837,724838,724855,724885,724926,724957,725101,
725127,725128,725140,725185,725235,725267,725287,725314,725315,725346,725366,
725375,725450,725455,725465,725470,725480,725485,725500,725524,725533,725540,
725555,725556,725560,725625,725635,725636,725705,725715,725724,725765,725776,
725785,725866,725895,725915,725945,725955,725975,726223,726370,726380,726387,
726430,726456,726465,726480,726515,726546,726548,726555,726557,726587,726590,
726625,726665,726685,726776,726785,726797,726830,726865,726886,727033,727344,
727380,727415,727435,727437,727445,727450,727455,727470,727490,727535,727550,
727555,727573,727575,727576,727640,727645,727670,727675,727676,727735,727770,
727796,727826,727827,727845,727855,727857,727920,727927,727928,727937,728210,
728630,728680,729280,729670,740820,742300,743700,743920,744865,744910,744915,
745160,765770,766480,812250,837753,859720,864400,872570,876920,890550,890560,
890570,890590,895320,895640,895710
Td:
Good Stations: 3164
Bad Stations: 348 ( from data removals during PHA dpd and T)
010470,011060,011150,011940,012120,013670,020120,020960,024000,026220,026300,
029900,030570,032080,032620,033140,033470,034925,037170,038740,039670,040650,
040890,060590,060710,062470,074280,082350,082720,111900,121250,122850,125500,
126600,126700,126900,131600,131730,132660,132690,133480,134650,135780,135910,
140240,154600,161140,165220,170700,170840,172900,222820,222920,229390,272520,
285980,287910,292530,294770,295760,295870,299620,303560,303790,306640,307120,
307290,309150,312630,318320,319130,382220,383530,387990,400010,400090,400160,
400390,400610,400720,402650,402700,402720,403400,407450,407540,415940,416600,
417640,419780,425590,431170,443140,443360,443470,443580,443730,444540,471360,
483270,484560,484770,488390,488550,488870,489000,489140,505480,547510,597920,
600600,603200,603400,603510,605060,605490,605500,606800,610170,612230,612300,
612570,612650,612770,612930,612960,612970,614010,614210,614970,620560,621310,
621610,622590,622710,624170,624350,636410,637200,637910,645010,645510,677790,
677810,678610,678670,679690,679750,679770,680240,680320,681100,683280,684610,
701210,702310,702315,702757,703620,712060,712220,716100,716240,718360,718575,
722026,722029,722038,722065,722066,722085,722108,722119,722246,722345,722348,
722429,722505,722533,722598,722599,722656,722673,722730,722786,722789,722867,
722885,722886,722903,722925,722926,722955,723067,723069,723191,723536,723555,
723677,723815,723825,723927,723930,724094,724095,724097,724170,724177,724275,
724466,724666,724721,724800,724936,724946,725025,725038,725128,725245,725376,
725865,725946,726145,726357,726375,726395,726515,726548,726986,727344,727415,
727436,727458,727834,727890,727928,727934,727937,743700,743945,744900,745940,
747188,747685,747915,762863,763820,764050,764230,764910,764915,765390,765560,
765710,765905,766480,767755,769043,780620,783670,784600,784820,785140,785350,
785470,787110,787170,787410,787670,788580,789580,800090,800940,801120,802100,
804100,804130,804190,804210,804270,804380,812000,820220,829150,835760,838270,
841170,844250,845310,847350,852440,856290,861340,862330,862600,862970,863700,
864300,864400,864900,865300,865650,870160,870780,873200,873280,874160,874480,
875930,876480,876880,877840,878520,879380,889630,890660,895710,912210,915200,
941860,942550,943460,961630,962210,963150,964810,967490,968050,968390,969350,
970140,972600,981350,983250,983290,984250,984260,984280,984300,984440,984460,
985480,986180,986370,986440,987410,987480,987530
Supersaturated Stations: 147
014420,014770,020200,020480,021240,021960,022220,022480,022590,023240,023360,
024040,024060,024100,024180,024580,025620,025660,025820,026800,028050,028070,
028230,028790,029030,029810,060300,060600,061200,062650,064760,101420,102380,
103430,107880,108370,110220,110320,111050,111260,111300,114640,119930,133520,
151080,151200,152000,152800,156270,160330,160840,161340,162190,165390,200460,
249440,255630,256210,282550,283210,285520,289520,289780,311680,321650,370010,
376820,379850,389110,402550,423610,442070,442310,442980,443520,470410,470610,
488260,529960,547760,548260,577760,584370,589310,599480,647000,700260,700860,
701330,701730,701740,702000,702220,702320,702590,702610,702650,702710,703080,
703260,703400,704540,710450,710790,710810,711060,711070,711380,711820,714670,
716300,718220,718935,718936,719170,719240,719250,719330,719380,719440,719460,
719510,719530,719650,719660723910,724127,724735,724835,724838,724957,725314,
725540,725724,725975,726815,727555,727575,727675,729670,740820,747770,765770,
890550,890560,945150,949100
The remaining stations are gridded and the raw versions of the same stations are also gridded. Gridbox trends and area-average time series and trends are also computed from the gridded datasets.
023360,024040,024060,024100,024180,024580,025620,025660,025820,026800,028050,
028070,028230,028790,029030,029810,060300,060600,061200,062650,064760,101420,
102380,103430,107880,108370,110220,110320,111050,111260,111300,114640,119930,
133520,151080,151200,152000,152800,156270,160330,160840,161340,162190,165390,
200460,249440,255630,256210,282550,283210,285520,289520,289780,311680,321650,
370010,376820,379850,389110,400720,402550,423610,442070,442310,442980,443520,
470410,470610,488260,529960,547760,548260,577760,584370,589310,599480,647000,
700260,700860,701210,701330,701730,701740,702000,702220,702320,702590,702610,
702650,702710,703080,703260,703400,704540,710450,710790,710810,711060,711070,
711380,711820,714670,716300,718220,718935,718936,719170,719240,719250,719330,
719380,719440,719460,719510,719530,719650,719660,723910,724127,724735,724835,
724838,724957,725314,725540,725724,725975,726815,727555,727575,727675,729670,
740820,747770,765770,890550,890560,896110,942550,945150,949100,983250
q:
Good Stations = 3558
Bad Stations = 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations = 28
014060,061200,064760,064900,101420,151080,160610,162190,200690,200870,202920,
470700,488260,547760,584370,589310,599480,700860,703080,715820,723910,724837,
724957,727855,745160,765770,787080,890560
Subzero Stations = 52
022860,023360,042310,233830,243290,247680,249590,255380,256210,257440,300540,
301170,305210,307580,307810,310540,311520,314740,359250,360960,442120,442130,
442140,442150,442180,442320,442590,442720,442770,442840,442870,442920,442940,
443050,443410,443470,443520,443540,443580,443730,506030,555780,556640,701210,
702070,710750,715570,718450,719250,719265,726487,726587
e:
Good Stations: 3558
Bad Stations: 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations: 28
014060,061200,064760,064900,101420,151080,160610,162190,200690,200870,202920,
470700,488260,547760,584370,589310,599480,700860,703080,715820,723910,724837,
724957,727855,745160,765770,787080,890560
Subzero Stations: 52
022860,023360,042310,233830,243290,246880,247680,249590,255380,256210,257440,
300540,301170,305210,307580,307810,310540,311520,314740,359250,360960,442120,
442130,442140,442150,442180,442320,442590,442720,442770,442840,442870,442940,
443050,443410,443470,443520,443540,443580,443730,555780,701210,702070,710750,
711224,715570,718450,719250,719265,726487,726548,726587
Tw:
Good Stations: 2831
Bad Stations: 17
229390,303790,307120,307290,400610,415940,620560,621610,637910,804190,812000,
862600,870160,875930,889630,890660,972600
Supersaturated Stations: 808
010080,010470,010490,010590,010620,010890,012380,012880,013670,014060,014150,
014420,014480,014770,014820,020120,020200,020480,020550,020620,020960,021040,
021200,021240,021280,021860,021960,022060,022220,022480,022590,022780,022860,
022880,022960,023240,023260,023360,023660,024000,024040,024060,024100,024120,
024180,024580,025560,025620,025640,025660,025760,025820,026220,026640,028050,
028070,028230,028360,028440,028450,028480,028640,028670,028750,028790,028970,
029030,029050,029130,029240,029290,029350,029470,029660,029700,029760,029810,
029840,031540,032220,032810,033180,033790,037170,038560,040560,040890,042020,
042200,042310,042500,042720,060520,060600,061200,061930,062470,062500,062650,
064080,064760,064900,065900,066800,073140,082150,100330,101420,102380,103350,
103430,104390,105140,106180,107710,107880,110120,110220,110280,110320,111010,
111050,111260,111300,111460,111550,111820,114640,116590,119300,119930,121000,
121850,122150,122850,123600,123850,124880,125750,128120,130140,131680,133520,
133630,133670,135910,140240,150040,150100,150200,150800,150900,151080,151200,
151450,151500,151700,152000,152300,152470,152600,152800,152920,153350,153460,
154700,156270,160220,160330,160610,160840,161340,161460,162190,165390,171900,
200460,200690,200870,201070,202920,206670,206740,207440,214320,219210,219460,
219820,221130,221650,222170,222350,222710,223240,224220,224380,224710,225500,
225830,226020,226760,228200,228370,228450,228670,229540,230320,230740,232260,
232560,232740,233300,233830,234120,234260,234720,235270,235520,236060,236250,
236310,236780,237010,237110,237240,237340,238030,239090,239140,239290,239550,
239730,239750,241250,241430,242660,243290,243430,245070,246390,246410,246520,
246560,246710,246880,247240,247380,247680,248170,248560,249440,249510,249660,
249820,249880,251230,251730,253250,253990,254000,255380,255510,255630,255940,
256210,257030,259130,262580,267020,268820,268980,269970,270830,271130,272250,
273290,273930,276120,276480,279620,280440,280640,280760,281160,282140,282160,
282550,282750,283210,283340,283820,284110284400,284510,284650,284910,285370,
285520,285730,285860,285880,285930,285980,286150,286550,286660,286880,287560,
287660,287860,287990,289090,289520,289780,289840,290230,291110,291220,292090,
292530,292740,292820,293130,293280,293630,294050,294810,295530,295740,295760,
295870,295940,296020,296050,296250,296310,296340,296360,296420,296530,296760,
296980,297060,297120,297240,297260,297360,297560,297660,298070,298130,298140,
298220,298270,298690,299150,299230,299370,299990,302530,303090,303200,303280,
303560,303850,303930,304550,304690,304930,304990,305040,305260,305360,305370,
305540,305670,306030,306120,306220,306500,306640,306730,306830,306860,306920,
306950,307410,307640,308110,308380,308440,308530,308620,309150,309250,309350,
309610,309650,309750,310040,310540,311230,311370,311520,311740,312630,313000,
313290,313480,313880,314160,314390,314450,314780,314890,315320,315340,315940,
316240,316550,317020,317250,317350,317540,318320,319390,320270,343630,350260,
350670,350780,351080,351730,351880,353020,353940,354060,354260,355320,356710,
357460,357960,358490,360210,360220,360380,360610,360960,361030,361520,364280,
365350,366390,368700,369740,369820,370010,376820,380620,383410,384620,385790,
386180,389540,402550,408090,420710,421310,442070,442130,442150,442180,442310,
442320,442390,442410,442560,442590,442650,442720,442750,442770,442840,442850,
442920,442940,442980,443020,443040,443050,443140,443360,443470,443520,443540,
470140,470200,501360,503530,504340,505270,505640,506580,507560,507740,507880,
508440,512430,515420,516440,517300,529080,541610,543240,577760,577930,584370,
585060,589310,607250,700260,700860,701040,701170,701210,701330,701730,701740,
702000,702070,702190,702220,702310,702315,702320,702350,702510,702590,702610,
702650,702670,702710,702720,702770,702960,702986,703210,703260,703400,703620,
703810,703860,704540,710377,710450,710563,710660,710680,710690,710750,710763,
710780,710790,710810,710830,710903,710950,711030,711070,711250,711290,711300,
711410,711430,711450,711820,711940,712220,712560,712600,713710,714670,714800,
715500,715820,716030,716060,716300,716310,717270,717350,717374,718220,718230,
718250,718270,718280,718340,718360,718440,718450,718520,718540,718560,718575,
718610,718620,718650,718660,718670,718690,718703,718710,718730,718760,718780,
718810,718830,718860,718880,718900,718936,719050,719060,719070,719090,719100,
719130,719150,719170,719220,719240,719250,719265,719320,719330,719340,719380,
719400,719403,719430,719440,719450,719460,719510,719530,719550,719570,719640,
719650,719660,722225,722356,722420,722429,722897,723783,723830,723910,724085,
724127,724175,724275,724336,724455,724457,724555,724620,724655,724675,724676,
724735,724765,724835,724836,724837,724838,724855,724885,724926,724957,725101,
725127,725128,725140,725185,725235,725267,725287,725314,725315,725346,725366,
725375,725450,725455,725465,725470,725480,725485,725500,725524,725533,725540,
725555,725556,725560,725625,725635,725636,725705,725715,725724,725765,725776,
725785,725866,725895,725915,725945,725955,725975,726223,726370,726380,726387,
726430,726456,726465,726480,726515,726546,726548,726555,726557,726587,726590,
726625,726665,726685,726776,726785,726797,726830,726865,726886,727033,727344,
727380,727415,727435,727437,727445,727450,727455,727470,727490,727535,727550,
727555,727573,727575,727576,727640,727645,727670,727675,727676,727735,727770,
727796,727826,727827,727845,727855,727857,727920,727927,727928,727937,728210,
728630,728680,729280,729670,740820,742300,743700,743920,744865,744910,744915,
745160,765770,766480,812250,837753,859720,864400,872570,876920,890550,890560,
890570,890590,895320,895640,895710
Td:
Good Stations: 3164
Bad Stations: 348 ( from data removals during PHA dpd and T)
010470,011060,011150,011940,012120,013670,020120,020960,024000,026220,026300,
029900,030570,032080,032620,033140,033470,034925,037170,038740,039670,040650,
040890,060590,060710,062470,074280,082350,082720,111900,121250,122850,125500,
126600,126700,126900,131600,131730,132660,132690,133480,134650,135780,135910,
140240,154600,161140,165220,170700,170840,172900,222820,222920,229390,272520,
285980,287910,292530,294770,295760,295870,299620,303560,303790,306640,307120,
307290,309150,312630,318320,319130,382220,383530,387990,400010,400090,400160,
400390,400610,400720,402650,402700,402720,403400,407450,407540,415940,416600,
417640,419780,425590,431170,443140,443360,443470,443580,443730,444540,471360,
483270,484560,484770,488390,488550,488870,489000,489140,505480,547510,597920,
600600,603200,603400,603510,605060,605490,605500,606800,610170,612230,612300,
612570,612650,612770,612930,612960,612970,614010,614210,614970,620560,621310,
621610,622590,622710,624170,624350,636410,637200,637910,645010,645510,677790,
677810,678610,678670,679690,679750,679770,680240,680320,681100,683280,684610,
701210,702310,702315,702757,703620,712060,712220,716100,716240,718360,718575,
722026,722029,722038,722065,722066,722085,722108,722119,722246,722345,722348,
722429,722505,722533,722598,722599,722656,722673,722730,722786,722789,722867,
722885,722886,722903,722925,722926,722955,723067,723069,723191,723536,723555,
723677,723815,723825,723927,723930,724094,724095,724097,724170,724177,724275,
724466,724666,724721,724800,724936,724946,725025,725038,725128,725245,725376,
725865,725946,726145,726357,726375,726395,726515,726548,726986,727344,727415,
727436,727458,727834,727890,727928,727934,727937,743700,743945,744900,745940,
747188,747685,747915,762863,763820,764050,764230,764910,764915,765390,765560,
765710,765905,766480,767755,769043,780620,783670,784600,784820,785140,785350,
785470,787110,787170,787410,787670,788580,789580,800090,800940,801120,802100,
804100,804130,804190,804210,804270,804380,812000,820220,829150,835760,838270,
841170,844250,845310,847350,852440,856290,861340,862330,862600,862970,863700,
864300,864400,864900,865300,865650,870160,870780,873200,873280,874160,874480,
875930,876480,876880,877840,878520,879380,889630,890660,895710,912210,915200,
941860,942550,943460,961630,962210,963150,964810,967490,968050,968390,969350,
970140,972600,981350,983250,983290,984250,984260,984280,984300,984440,984460,
985480,986180,986370,986440,987410,987480,987530
Supersaturated Stations: 147
014420,014770,020200,020480,021240,021960,022220,022480,022590,023240,023360,
024040,024060,024100,024180,024580,025620,025660,025820,026800,028050,028070,
028230,028790,029030,029810,060300,060600,061200,062650,064760,101420,102380,
103430,107880,108370,110220,110320,111050,111260,111300,114640,119930,133520,
151080,151200,152000,152800,156270,160330,160840,161340,162190,165390,200460,
249440,255630,256210,282550,283210,285520,289520,289780,311680,321650,370010,
376820,379850,389110,402550,423610,442070,442310,442980,443520,470410,470610,
488260,529960,547760,548260,577760,584370,589310,599480,647000,700260,700860,
701330,701730,701740,702000,702220,702320,702590,702610,702650,702710,703080,
703260,703400,704540,710450,710790,710810,711060,711070,711380,711820,714670,
716300,718220,718935,718936,719170,719240,719250,719330,719380,719440,719460,
719510,719530,719650,719660723910,724127,724735,724835,724838,724957,725314,
725540,725724,725975,726815,727555,727575,727675,729670,740820,747770,765770,
890550,890560,945150,949100
The remaining stations are gridded and the raw versions of the same stations are also gridded. Gridbox trends and area-average time series and trends are also computed from the gridded datasets.
3) Results
3.1) Homogenised verses raw series for the three stations with the largest adjustments for each variable
DPD:
55664099999 7.17
62103099999 7.05
44284099999 6.90
T:
62103099999 7.05
44284099999 6.90
 |
| 556640 |
 |
| 621030 |
 |
| 442840 |
72378399999 -4.58 SUSPECT BAD MERGE
71844099999 4.57 SUSPECT BAD MERGE
02326099999 -4.44 SUSPECT BAD MERGE
71844099999 4.57 SUSPECT BAD MERGE
02326099999 -4.44 SUSPECT BAD MERGE
 |
| 723783 |
 |
| 718440 |
 |
| 023260 |
55664099999 -7.27
62103099999 -6.63
44284099999 -6.57
62103099999 -6.63
44284099999 -6.57
 |
| 556640 |
 |
| 621030 |
 |
| 442840 |
40340099999 -3.31
41240099999 -3.30
82281099999 -2.89
41240099999 -3.30
82281099999 -2.89
 |
| 403400 |
 |
| 412400 |
 |
| 822810 |
40340099999 -5.33
41240099999 -5.19
82281099999 -4.58
41240099999 -5.19
82281099999 -4.58
 |
| 403400 |
 |
| 412400 |
 |
| 822810 |
36982099999 -27.30
72654899999 21.33
44277099999 -20.78
Tw:
72654899999 21.33
44277099999 -20.78
 |
| 369820 |
 |
| 726548 |
 |
| 442770 |
71122499999 -2.74
72382523131 -2.24
72586599999 2.22
72382523131 -2.24
72586599999 2.22
 |
| 711224 |
 |
| 723825 |
 |
| 725865 |
COULD LOOK AT CHANGE IN STATION CROSS-CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RAW AND HOMOGENISED SERIES
3.2) Changepoint magnitudes and frequencies for each variable
DPD:
2.53 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.98, st dev=0.69
Mean = -0.01, st dev=1.21
mean of diffs=-0.00, stdev=0.26
 |
| Figure 7 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for PHA DPD. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
T:
PHA:
1.34 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.75, st dev=0.57
Mean = -0.10, st dev=0.94
mean of diffs=0.00, stdev=0.18
Indirect PHA:
3.56 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.38, st dev=0.46
Mean = -0.02, st dev=0.60
mean of diffs=0.01, stdev=0.25
1.34 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.75, st dev=0.57
Mean = -0.10, st dev=0.94
mean of diffs=0.00, stdev=0.18
Indirect PHA:
3.56 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.38, st dev=0.46
Mean = -0.02, st dev=0.60
mean of diffs=0.01, stdev=0.25
 |
| Figure 8 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for IDPHAMG T. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
Td:
3.62 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.77, st dev=0.65
Mean = -0.01, st dev=1.01
mean of diffs=0.00, stdev=0.26
 |
| Figure 9 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for PHADPD Td. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
q:
3.76 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.26, st dev=0.29
Mean = -0.01, st dev=0.39
mean of diffs=0.00, stdev=0.14
 |
| Figure 10 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for IDPHA q. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
e:
3.76 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.41, st dev=0.46
Mean = -0.01, st dev=0.61
mean of diffs=-0.00, stdev=0.19
 |
| Figure 11 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for IDPHA e. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
RH:
3.76 changepoints per station
ABS mean=2.88, st dev=2.19
Mean = 0.01, st dev=3.62
mean of diffs=0.00, stdev=1.00
 |
| Figure 12 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for IDPHA RH. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
Tw:
3.75 changepoints per station
ABS mean=0.31, st dev=0.32
Mean = -0.01, st dev=0.45
mean of diffs=0.01, stdev=0.17
 |
| Figure 13 Adjustment magnitude and frequency for IDPHA Tw. a) Actual adjustments are shown in black, Gaussian best fit in grey, merged best estimate in dashed red and difference between the actual and merged best estimate in dotted blue. The mean and standard deviation of the difference is shown. |
3.4) Timeseries and decadal trend differences between the homogenised and raw large scale area averages for each variable
q:
RH:
T:
Td:
Tw:
e:
DPD:
3.3) Decadal trends differences between the raw and homogenised gridboxes
q:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in q fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Homogenised decadal trends in q fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign.
RH:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in RH fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Homogenised decadal trends in RH fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black
dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th
percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign.
T:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in T fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
 |
| Homogenised decadal trends in T fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Td:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in Td fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Homogenised decadal trends in Td fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black
dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th
percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign.
Tw:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in Tw fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Homogenised decadal trends in Tw fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black
dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th
percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign.
e:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in e fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
Homogenised decadal trends in e fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black
dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th
percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign.
DPD:
 |
| Raw decadal trends in DPD fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
 |
| Homogenised decadal trends in DPD fitted from the median of pairwise slopes. Black dots identify high confidence gridboxes where the 5th and 95th percentiles of the pairwise slopes are of the same sign. |
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